Thus, Spain modeled its national aspirations as the guardian of Christianity and Catholicism. The Spanish Inquisition targeted forced converts from Islam ( Moriscos, Conversos and secret Moors) and from Judaism ( Marranos, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews) who came under suspicion of either continuing to adhere to their old religion or of having fallen back into it. On November 1, 1478, the Pope published the Papal bull Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus, to establish the Inquisition in the Kingdom of Castile. In 1478, the Catholic Monarchs requested the assent of Pope Sixtus IV to introduce the Inquisition to Castile. In the twelfth century, Pope Lucius III created the Inquisition to fight heresy in the south of what is now France and constituted it in some European kingdoms. They ruled independently and their kingdoms retained part of their own regional laws and governments for the next few decades. Though their marriage united the two kingdoms, what later became Spain, it was still a union of two crowns rather than a unitary state. Isabella became the Queen of Castile in 1474 and Ferdinand became the King of Aragon in 1479. This marriage helped to unite the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon under the same crown. The marriage of 18-year-old Isabella and 17-year-old Ferdinand took place on October 19, 1469, in the city of Valladolid. Queen Isabella I of Castile and León with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Since both descended from John I of Castile, Pope Sixtus IV gave a papal dispensation for their marriage to deal with consanguinity. They were second cousins from the House of Trastámara. “The Catholic Monarchs” (Spanish: Reyes Católicos) is the joint title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Gradually, the Christian kingdoms to the north retook control of the Iberian peninsula, and by 1300, the Moors controlled only Granada, a small region in the south of present-day Spain. In 1248, the Christians conquered the city of Seville. In 1236, the great Moorish city of Cordova fell to the Christians. Soon after, the Almohad Caliphate lost all their Moorish dominions in Iberia. At that time, the Christian princes of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal formed an alliance and defeated Muhammad III, “ al-Nasir” (1199–1214) at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena. The Almohad Caliphate dominated Iberia until 1212. In the late 11th century, when staunch Muslim Jihad ideology in Al-Andalus confronted the Christians, the religious ideology of a Christian reconquest sprouted once again in the minds of the Christians and they started the Crusades. Later, military orders like the Order of Santiago, Montesa, Order of Calatrava and the Knights Templar fought in Iberia. Between 11, the Almohads wrested control of the Moorish principalities from the Almoravids and transferred the capital from Cordoba to Seville. The 10th and 11th-century documents are silent on any idea of a reconquest.īy 1172, all Islamic Iberia was part of the Moroccan Berber Muslim Almohad Caliphate. Also, the mercenaries from both sides fought for whoever paid the most.Īs time wore on, the idea of the Reconquista seems to have faded in the minds of the Christians. Even then, it was common for the Christian and Muslim rulers to become divided and to fight amongst themselves. The Christian Chronica Prophetica (883-884), a document stressing the Christian and Muslim cultural and religious divide in Iberia set a landmark by stressing the necessity to drive the Muslims out of the Iberian Peninsula. This war is known as the Reconquista, the Spanish and Portuguese word for Reconquest.Ĭo-existence and alliances between Muslims and Christians were prevalent, so also were the frontier skirmishes and raids.Īt the end of the 9th century, the ideology of a Christian reconquest of the Iberian peninsula started to take shape. From there, they aimed to reconquer their lands from the Moors. Many ousted Gothic princes and nobles took refuge in the unconquered north Asturian highlands.
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